Xa iileya zegraphene zipakishwe omnye komnye, zenza igraphite. Imilimitha enye yegraphite inomaleko omalunga nezigidi ezi-3 zegraphene. Ukukrolwa kancinci kwepensile ephepheni kushiya umkhondo osenokuba ngamaleko nje ambalwa okanye umaleko omnye wegraphene. Enkosi kwi-dimensional yayo{4}emibini egqibeleleyo, isebenza njengodibaniso olusebenzayo kwiimveliso ezininzi ezintsha.
Xa sithetha ngegraphene, eyona nto idumileyo kukukhankanywa kweBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi lika-2010, ekwabelwana ngalo zizazinzulu ezimbini ngophando lwazo lwegraphene. Kutshanje, iYunivesithi yaseFudan ibhengeze ukuba abaphandi bayo, ngentsebenziswano nabo basuka kwiDyunivesithi yeSizwe yaseSingapore, baphuhlise uhlobo -olutsha, oluphezulu{3}}lokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwendlela yokulungiselela igraphene ethekhnoloji engundoqo inokunyuselwa ngokulula kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ngokucacileyo, iqela lophando lathatha indlela echasene ngokupheleleyo nendlela yemveli yokupapasha amaphepha kuqala kwaye emva koko isebenzisane namashishini. Baye bazuza iziphumo ezintsha ngo-2013, bafaka i-patent ngo-2014, badlulisela ipatent kwishishini lasekhaya ngo-2015, kwaye bapapasha iziphumo zabo kwi-intanethi kuphela.Unxibelelwano lweNdalongoJanuwari 8. U-Lu Hongbin, enye yeenkokeli zeqela leSebe leSayensi yeMacromolecular kunye ne-State Key Laboratory ye-Molecular Engineering yePolymers kwiYunivesithi yaseFudan, wathi ngoncumo: "Izinto ezilungileyo zifanelekile ukulinda; zivame ukuvela ngcono emva kwexesha elithile ukuze zivuthwe."
Ugqithiso lwe-atomic-resolution ye-electron microscopy umfanekiso (a), i-Raman spectrum (b), i-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum (c), kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu we-athom yomfanekiso wemicroscope (d) yegraphene elungiselelweyo; iiploti zokusabalalisa ubukhulu begraphene (e) kunye nezibalo zobungakanani obusecaleni (f).
Ifoto ngu-Dong Lei
Bambalwa abantu abaqondayo ukuba igraphene ayilogama nje elikuluhlu lweNobel Prize - sele idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ikhona ngokwemvelo ehlabathini, nangona ukwahlula umaleko omnye-wegraphene ingengomsebenzi ulula. Umaleko obekwe ngokomaleko, igraphene yenza igraphite, enemilimitha e-1 yegraphite equlethe malunga nezigidi ezi-3 zeeleya zegraphene. Uphawu lwepensile ephepheni lunokuba liqela okanye umaleko nje omnye wegraphene. Ngenxa yobume bayo obufanelekileyo be-2D, isebenza njengesongezo esisebenzayo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zokuqamba:
· Ukongezwa kwiingubo ezikhethekileyo zepolymer, yandisa ubomi benkonzo ngokusebenzisa iipropathi ezigqwesileyo zomqobo;
· Isetyenziswe njenge-agent eqhubayo kwiibhetri, isakhiwo sayo se-2D siququzelela ukuthutha i-electron ngokukhawuleza, ukunyusa kakhulu isantya sokutshaja;
· Idityaniswe kwiifiber kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza zombane, umbane wayo okhethekileyo kunye ne-thermal conductivity iphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso kakhulu.
Ngenxa yexabiso layo elikhulu, iindlela ezingcono zamalungiselelo ziye zaba yinjongo yokhuphiswano kuzo zombini izifundiswa kunye neshishini. Izazinzulu ezimbini kwiDyunivesithi yaseManchester - u-Andre Geim kunye no-Konstantin Novoselov - bafumene indlela elula ngokumangalisayo yokufumana iiflake ezibhityileyo zegraphite. Baxobula iiflakes ezivela kwigraphite yepyrolytic ejolise kakhulu, bancamathisela macala omabini kwiteyiphu ekhethekileyo yokuncamathelisa, kwaye baqhekeza iiflakes ngokukrazula iteyiphu. Ukuphinda le nkqubo kuvelise amaphepha amancinci nancinci, ekugqibeleni kubangele iiflakes eziqulunqwe ngumaleko omnye we-athomu ye-carbon: igraphene. Ukusukela ngoko, iindlela ezininzi zolungiselelo ezintsha ziye zavela, kwaye emva kweminyaka emihlanu yophuhliso, ushishino{6}}lokuveliswa kwegraphene kuye kwafikelela ekufikeleleni.
Unjingalwazi uLu Hongbin wanika igraphene izihloko ezithathu “ezibalaseleyo zehlabathi”:
· Eyona nto incinci eyaziwayo, kwi-0.335 nanometers kuphela ubukhulu;
· Eyona nto inamandla, yomelele izihlandlo ezili-100 kunentsimbi;
·Umqhubi ongcono kakhulu we-thermal, ngaphezu kwamaxesha angama-10 aphezulu kunesilivere.
Ukongeza, igraphene inokuhamba kwe-electron ephezulu kakhulu, iiodolo ezimbini zobukhulu obuphezulu kunesilicon. Njengomathiriyeli obalulekileyo ovelayo, le noveli ye-2D imathiriyeli inamandla amakhulu okusebenza kwizixhobo ezihlakaniphile, i-aerospace, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukulungiswa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuzuza impumelelo,{0}}imveliso enkulu yomgangatho ophezulu-wegraphene kudala yaba ngumqobo othintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi.
Igraphene ikhona ngokwendalo, kwaye eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulungiselela kukukhupha i-flake yendalo yegraphite kwigraphene kwisinyibilikisi esithile solwelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ekubeni i-graphene i-hydrophobic, izixa ezikhulu ze-surfactants kufuneka zongezwe kulwelo ngexesha lokukhupha, ngaphandle koko ukwahlukana akunakwenzeka. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zifuna iitoni ezi-3 ze-oxidants ezifana ne-potassium permanganate ukuvelisa i-1 toni yegraphene, ukuyiguqula ibe yi-graphene oxide phambi kokuba ikhutshiwe kunye nokunciphisa. Le nkqubo ivelisa umthamo omkhulu wamanzi amdaka ukusuka kwi-oxidation, ukucutha, kunye nokucoca, ngelixa ikwathoba ezinye iimpawu ezizodwa zegraphene.
Iqela lophando liye layoyisa njani le mingeni? Bamkele iqhinga lokusasaza elingazinzanga ngokwazisa inani elincinci kakhulu leoksijini ene-ionzable{0}}equlathe amaqela asebenzayo kumphezulu wegraphene, ivumela ukukhutshwa okukhawulezileyo, okuphezulu{1}}kukhuphe isivuno kwi-ultra{2}kugxininiso oluphezulu. Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yemveliso ekhutshiweyo inye-iyaleko lwegraphene eneziphene ezincinci ze-lattice, ukusombulula ngokukuko ugcino kunye nemiba yezothutho kusetyenziso olukhulu-. Ngaphaya koko, udaka lwegraphene olumanzi oluveliswa yile ndlela lubonisa iimpawu ezithandekayo zerheological kwaye lunokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-3D{9}ukuprinta ii-aerogels zegraphene zeemilo ezahlukeneyo, ukuvula iindlela ezintsha zosetyenziso lwegraphene kugcino lwamandla, unyango lokusingqongileyo, iicomposites ezinemisebenzi emininzi, nangaphaya.
